Antioxidants Enzymes
June 25, 2008 by · Leave a Comment
protocol for determination of antioxidant enzymes.. please help?
hi can anyone let me knw the protocol for the determination of all the antioxidant enzymes ,, please... its urgent
Natural antioxidant enzymes manufactured in the body provide an important defense against free radicals. Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, thioredoxin reductase, superoxide dismutase, heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase, are the most important antioxidant enzymes. The enzyme superoxide dismutase converts two superoxide radicals into one hydrogen peroxide and one oxygen. Example Catalase :
Catalase
I.U.B.: 1.11.1.6
H2O2:H2O2 oxidoreductase
Catalase catalyzes the following reaction:
Catalytic activity is present in nearly all animal cells and organs and in aerobic microorganisms. Studies on its biosynthesis have been reported by Higashi et al. (1974), Sakamoto and Higashi (1974) and Yasukochi et al. (1974). Yeast catalase has been characterized by Seah and Kaplan (1973) and Seah et al. (1973). It has recently been reviewed by Masters s, Pegg, and Crane (1986).
Like peroxidase it is a hemoprotein and forms intermediate addition compounds with H2O2. The stepwise mechanism of its activity was first elucidated by Chance (1951). See also Oshino et al. (1975), Zidoni and Kremer (1974), Chance and Oshino (1973), Chance et al. (1973), Jones (1973), and Jones and Middlemiss (1972). Nichols and Schonbaum (1963) have reviewed catalase.
Catalase uses H2O2 as a substrate as well as a hydrogen acceptor. Peroxidase requires a separate acceptor. Lanir and Schejter (1975) have reported on the difference in reactivity of the two enzymes. Nelson and Kiesow (1972) have studied the enthalpy of the catalase reaction. Corrall et al. (1974) and Oshino et al. (1973) report on the oxidation of ethanol and Marklund (1972) on its interaction with hydroxymethylhydroperoxide.
Catalase is of interest commercially wherever hydrogen peroxide is used as a germicide, for example, in the food industry for disposing of H2O2 used in pasteurizing milk prior to cheese-making (Chu et al. 1975). Microencapsulated catalase is also of interest (Poznansky and Chang 1974).
Characteristics of Catalase from Bovine Liver:
Molecular weight: 250,000 (Kiseler et al. 1967).
Composition: Sund et al. (1967) indicate 4 subunits of equal size (MW 60,000-65,000) in agreement with Shpitzberg cited by Kiseler et al. (1967). See also Furuta et al. (1974) and McPherson and Rich (1973). Fita and Rossmann (1985) and Kirkman and Gaetani (1984) report on the NADPH content. Mouse, rat and rabbit catalase show an isoenzyme pattern possibly due to two types of subunit. [(Jones and Masters (1975), Holmes (1972), and Holmes and Master (1972).]
An x-ray diffraction investigation and its comparison with an electron microscopy study has been reported by Rossmann and Labaw (1967). The amino acid sequence has been determined by Schroeder et al. (1969). Chemical modification of the enzyme has been reported by Abe et al. (1973).
Optimum pH: Approximately 7.0 (Maehly and Chance 1954).
Isoelectric point: pH 5.4 (Samejima et al. 1962).
Inhibitors: Inhibition by ascorbate alone as well as with Cu2+ has been shown by Orr (1967a and b). Freezing and lyophilization cause inactivation (Tanford and Lovrien 1962; Deisseroth and Dounce 1967). Mitchell and Anderson (1965) indicate catalases to be inactivated by sunlight under aerobic conditions. Catalase inactivation by peroxide has been reported on by Altomare et al. (1974).
Activators: No activators or cofactors are necessary.
Stability: All preparations are stable for 6-12 months when stored at 5°C. Do not freeze liquid preparations.
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Superoxide dismutase molecule Photo Mugs Superoxide dismutase enzyme. Computer artwork of a molecule of superoxide dismutase (SOD). This is the form of the enzyme found in eukaryotic cells, as it has zinc (silver) and copper (orange) atoms at its active site (centre). This enzyme converts superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide is a free radical produced as a byproduct of mitochondrial respiration. It is toxic to cells and... |
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Antioxidants Green Tea
June 24, 2008 by · Leave a Comment
How many packets of green tea is too much antioxidant?
The green tea I have has 190 flavonoid antioxidants per packet. How many packets of green tea is too harmful? Is three packets a day too harmful?
Sources would be great, considering this is health-related. =]
4-5 packets.
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Anti Aging Oils
June 24, 2008 by · Leave a Comment
When topical treatments such as anti aging may show only small improvements, people must realize that today is really within us that we care and appreciate both as outside our bodies.
Most of us would prefer to find a natural remedy against aging rather than submit to the knife and many other procedures of risk in our pursuit of looking young
As we get older doctors often recommend taking supplements vitamin to replace some of the items lost and alleviate some symptoms of the deterioration of age, such as high cholesterol, osteoporosis, loss memory of hypertension, heart and circulatory diseases. There are also other common resources to combat aging in our power to attack the process aging from the inside also like to consider:
- One of the most obvious ... drink lots of water ... at least six glasses a day.
- Stay out of the sun and apply strong sunscreen if you can not help it.
- Take an exercise class.
- Reduce the consumption of alcohol and if you smoke ... GIVE UP!
- Get at least eight hours of sleep each night.
- Flavonoids ... A close ally of green tea. Flavonoids are a class of phytonutrients, also with large holdings antioxidants. Anti-aging treatments include flavonoids known as an essential ingredient in combating the harmful aspects of age
- Replace coffee with green tea. Green tea known for being rich in antioxidants and is said to contain some of the best anti-aging substances which can be found today. The popularity of green tea is increasing and, along with high levels of polyphenols (antioxidants), green tea is said to help prevent breast and liver cancer, heart disease and help with weight loss. For those who do? Like the taste of green tea purchased many supplements on the market today and many large pharmaceutical companies are including green tea in their dietary supplements. Green tea extract is also added to treatments topical anti-aging and wrinkle treatment.
- Ellagic acid in raspberries, strawberries, blueberries, blackberries and blueberries. The ellagic acid helps the body eliminate toxins and many of the chemicals that have potential carcinogenic effects in the body. However it is worth mentioning that some of these berries, blueberries, for example, can cause constipation.
- Try to include plenty of fresh food and vegetables, including berries, green leafy vegetables, garlic, onions and leaks, barley, wheat, peppers, beans and lentils, nuts and seeds, yogurt and wheat and barley and meadow, of course, tea green. These foods are rich in antioxidants that help protect the skin elastic tissue damage caused by oxidants or free radicals. Giving up processed foods loaded with carbohydrates.
- Oils. Essential oils such as fish oils, flaxseed or evening primrose oil should be included as a regular supplement to our diet. These oils help prevent many diseases associated with aging, such as memory loss, heart disease and immune system deficient. The presence of these oils against aging better increase your metabolism without adding to free radicals also help reduce cholesterol, blood pressure lower blood pressure and add to your energy levels.
About the Author:
If you would like more information on the best anti aging remedies or to see some of the best anti aging products that are available then visit www.antiagingtipsonline.com
Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - Best Anti Aging Remedies
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Anti Aging Herbs
June 21, 2008 by · Leave a Comment
With the number of health and beauty conscious growing, more and more treatments address the problems of aging are increasingly available in the market and consumers often have a difficult time trying to decide which is best suited to their needs, and the treatments work and which no. This article aims to provide a guide to more effectively fight the aging herbs as an alternative to all the anti artificial and synthetic creams and lotions currently available for aging.
The attraction of the fight against weeds on other artificial aging treatments that herbs and anti-aging creams and lotions made entirely of anti-aging herbs are organic in nature and contain no artificial substances. This ensures that there will that your body any harm, and bring the benefits of nature with them. Herbs and treatment are recognized as having the fewest side effects of any medicine modern, and are also less likely to cause drug allergies or adverse reactions in people who are sensitive to these things.
Anti-aging Herbs work in a simple manner. Slow down the aging process by increasing blood flow and circulation throughout the body. This is especially evident in the skin, because blood flow to the skin through tiny blood vessels and hence blood flow to the skin is often weak or obstructed. Anti-aging of herbs work to increase blood flow through these blood vessels, bringing much-needed oxygen and nutrients to the skin and other body parts, nutrition and rejuvenate the body's cells, allowing cells more healthy and slowing the aging process.
One of the most popular herbs anti-aging properties is Ginseng. Ginseng is known to slow the aging process and the root of the Ginseng plant is often used in powdered form in many traditional medicines. Ginseng is known to have a relaxing effect and helps relieve symptoms of stress. It is also a mental and physical stimulant, inducing a higher mental activity and make the user feel more alert and alive. Ginseng also has properties that help lower blood pressure and cholesterol in the body. These properties make ginseng into a helpful tool in the fight against aging.
Soy is another herb that is known to have anti-aging. Research has shown that soy is high in protein and healthy fats that promote the healthy growth of body cells and thus help combat the signs of aging. Soy is also the only plant known that contains all the essential amino acids that the human body requires but is unable to produce. Extract Soy also has a beneficial effect on the skin when applied as a cream or gel, and helps fight signs of aging such as dry or wrinkled skin. The soy extract helps to revitalize and rejuvenate the skin, making your skin younger and more radiant.
So next time you decide to buy a treatment for the signs of aging, you would do well to consider anti-aging herbs and products.
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About the Author:
Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - A Guide to the Most Effective Anti-aging Herbs
Anti Aging Herbs To Retain Youth
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